# Section 1: Introduction to Rubeus$ on Kali Linux
## 1.1 Overview
Rubeus$ is a powerful tool designed for interacting with Kerberos tickets within a Windows environment. It was developed to facilitate various Kerberos interactions, including ticket granting tickets (TGTs) and service tickets (TGS). As a penetration tester, mastering Rubeus$ can be crucial for conducting thorough security assessments and understanding the nuances of Kerberos authentication protocols.
In this section, we will delve into the installation and configuration of Rubeus$ on Kali Linux, examine its usage in real-world scenarios, and provide detailed technical explanations along with code examples. By the end of this section, you should feel confident in utilizing Rubeus$ to support your penetration testing efforts.
## 1.2 Installation and Configuration on Kali Linux
### 1.2.1 Prerequisites
Before installing Rubeus$, ensure that you have the following prerequisites:
– A Kali Linux environment (version 2023 or later recommended).
– Basic understanding of the terminal and command-line operations.
– Administrative privileges on your Kali system.
### 1.2.2 Installing Rubeus$
Rubeus$ is not included in the default Kali Linux repositories, so we will need to download it from the official GitHub repository. Follow these steps to install Rubeus$:
1. **Open your terminal.**
2. **Install Git if you haven't already:**
sudo apt update
sudo apt install git
3. **Clone the Rubeus repository:**
git clone https://github.com/GhostPack/Rubeus.git
4. **Navigate to the directory:**
cd Rubeus
5. **Build the Rubeus executable using MSBuild:**
dotnet build Rubeus.sln
### 1.2.3 Configuring Rubeus$
After the installation, you may want to configure Rubeus$ to suit your testing needs. This typically involves setting up the necessary environment variables and ensuring that your network settings allow traffic to the target services.
Rubeus$ primarily operates in Windows environments, so for testing, you may consider using a Windows virtual machine or establishing connections with a Windows server from your Kali instance.
### 1.2.4 Network Configuration
Ensure that your Kali Linux machine can communicate with the target domain controller or Kerberos service. Adjust your network settings, including firewall rules, to allow for necessary traffic on ports such as 88 (Kerberos), 389 (LDAP), and potentially 445 (SMB).
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## 1.3 Step-by-Step Usage and Real-World Use Cases
### 1.3.1 Basic Commands Overview
Rubeus$ features a variety of commands designed for Kerberos ticket manipulation. Below are some of the essential commands:
– **TGT Request**: Acquire a TGT using user credentials.
– **AS-RESPONSE**: Extract information from an AS response.
– **Ticket Renewal**: Renew a TGT for continued access.
– **Pass-the-Ticket**: Inject Kerberos tickets into a session.
– **Overpass-the-Hash**: Use NTLM hashes to obtain TGTs.
### 1.3.2 Example of TGT Request
To initiate a TGT request, use the following command:
"`bash
Rubeus.exe kerberoast /user:
**Explanation**: This command requests a TGT for the specified username and password.
### 1.3.3 Real-World Scenario: Kerberoasting
Kerberoasting is a technique for extracting service tickets (TGS) from the memory of the targeted service account, which can then be cracked offline. Here’s how you can use Rubeus$ to perform Kerberoasting.
1. **Request the TGS for a service account:**
Rubeus.exe kerberoast
2. **Capture the ticket and crack it using John the Ripper:**
Rubeus.exe kerberoast /format:john > tickets.txt
john –wordlist=/path/to/wordlist.txt tickets.txt
**Note**: Ensure you have an appropriate wordlist for cracking the tickets.
### 1.3.4 Pass-the-Ticket Attack
In a Pass-the-Ticket attack, you can use stolen Kerberos tickets to authenticate to services without needing the original credentials.
1. **Using a stolen ticket:**
Rubeus.exe ptt /ticket:
2. **Verify access to the desired resource:**
Access the resource using the service you authenticated against (e.g., SMB shares).
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## 1.4 Detailed Technical Explanations
### 1.4.1 Understanding Kerberos Authentication
Kerberos is a network authentication protocol designed to provide secure communication between users and services on an untrusted network. It uses tickets to prove identity rather than sending passwords over the network. Here’s a brief overview of how Kerberos works:
1. **Authentication Service (AS)**: The user requests a TGT from the Authentication Server using their credentials.
2. **Ticket Granting Service (TGS)**: The user presents their TGT to the TGS to obtain service tickets for specific services.
3. **Service Access**: The user can now access the requested service using the service ticket.
### 1.4.2 The Role of Rubeus$ in Penetration Testing
Rubeus$ is a significant tool for penetration testers aiming to exploit weaknesses in Kerberos. By manipulating tickets, testers can simulate various attack vectors like Kerberoasting, Pass-the-Ticket, and Overpass-the-Hash, providing insights into a target organization's security posture.
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## 1.5 External References
1. **Official Rubeus Documentation**: [Rubeus GitHub Repository](https://github.com/GhostPack/Rubeus)
2. **Kerberos Protocol Overview**: [Kerberos Documentation](https://web.mit.edu/kerberos/)
3. **Understanding Kerberoasting**: [HackerTarget](https://hackertarget.com/kerberoasting/)
4. **John the Ripper**: [John the Ripper Official Site](https://www.openwall.com/john/)
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This concludes the first section of the Rubeus$ course. The understanding gained from this section will serve as a strong foundation for advanced penetration testing techniques involving Kerberos.
Made by pablo rotem / פבלו רותם